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For General knowledege

SHAVISM

1-  The origin of Shavism can be traced back to pre-vedic  times. 2-  By the early centuries of the Christian era it was popular sect all over India. 3-  Shiva was the principal deity of this sect. 4-  Shiva was worshipped in the form of Linga. 5-  Kushan king Weem Wema Kadphises was an ardent devote of Shiva. 6-  Prakrit test Gathasaptasati has references to Shiva worship. 7-  Tamil Sangam work refers to Shiva as the greatest of all gods (mamudu mudalvan). 8-  Shiva's consort Parvati was adored as Sakti. 9-  In Satavahana kingdom Parvati was worshipped as Gauri. 10-  Skanda was regarded as the son of Shiva. 11-  In Tamil state Skanda was worshipped in the Murugan form. 12-   Ganesa was the younger brother of skanda . 13-  Ganesa was also known as Vinayak. 14-  The most popular Shiva Sect was Pasupata sect. 15-  The Kapalika and Kalamukha sect developed much later. VARIOUS SECTS OF SHAIVISM A) Pasupatas / Nakulisapasupatas 1-  It was fou
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TYPES OF HINDU MARRIAGE (VIVAHA)

 There are nine (9) types of hindu marriage(Vivaha) _ 1-  Brahma Vivaha  -   Giving the girl to a man with dowry. 2-  Daiva Vivaha -  Giving the girls to the priest himself in lieu of his fees. 3-  Arsha Vivaha -   Giving the girl to a man after accepting a brideprice. 4-  Prajapatya Vivaha -   Giving vthe girl to a man without demanding a bridgeprice. 5-  Gandharva Vivaha -  Love marriage. 6-  Asura Vivaha -  Marriage with a purchased girl. 7-  Rakshasa Vivaha -   Marriage with the daughter of a defeated king or with a kidnapped girl. 8-  Paishacha Vivaha -   Marriage to a girl after seducing or raping her. 9-  Anuloma Vivaha -  Marriage between a bridegroom from an upper caste and a bridge from a lower caste.
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ATHARVA VEDA

1-  Atharva Veda (book of magical formulae), the fourth and the last one, contains charms and spells to ward off evils and diseases. For a very long time it was not included in the category of the Vedas. 2-  A collection of 711 hymns, it is divided into 20 khandas. 3-  It is the latest Veda. 4- Atharva Veda is a book of magical formula medicinal treatises etc. 5-  It contain charms and spell to ward off evil and disease. 6-  Its content throws light on the practices of non - Aryans. 7-  In Atharvaveda, Sabha and Samiti  are described as uterine sisters - The two daughters of  Prajapati. 8-  This veda is also known as Brahma Veda.
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SAMA VEDA

1-  Sama veda (books of chants) had 1549 hymns . All hymns (excluding 75) were taken from the Rig Veda. The hymns of the Sama Veda were recited by Udgatri. This Veda is important for Indian music. 2-  Sama Veda derives its roots from Saman, which means a melodies. 3-  A collection of melodies. 4-  It contains the Dhrupada Raga. 5-  The singer of Sama Veda is called Udgata.
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YAJUR VEDA

1-  The Yajur Veda (book of sacrificial prayers) is a ritual Veda. Its hymns were recited by Adhvaryus. It is divided into two parts Krishna Yajur Veda and Shukla Yajur Veda. In contrast to the first two which are in verse entirely, this one is in both verse and prose. 2-  A ritualistic Veda. 3-  The singer of the Yajur Veda is called Ardhavayu. 4-  Written in prose, it deals with procedure for performance of scrifices and contains rituals and well as hymns.
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RIG VEDA

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1-  Rig Veda ( Collection of lyrics ) is the oldest text in the world, and therefore is also known as ' the first testament of mankind '. The Rig Veda contain 1028 hymns, divided into 10 mandalas. Six (6) ( from 2nd to 7th mandalas ) are called Gotra / Vamsha Mandalas ( Kulu Granth ). The 1st and 10th mandala are said to have been added later. The 10th mandala contains the famous Purushasukta which explain the 4 Varnas - Brahmana, Kshastriya, Vaishya and Shudra. The hymns of Rig Veda were recited by Hotri. 2-  It is divided into 10 books or Mandalas. Books second (2) to seventh (7) are considered the oldest. Book first (1), eighth(8) and tenth(10) seem to be later additions. 3-  A collection of 1028 hymns of a number of priestly families. 4-  Written between 1700 - 1500 B.C. when Aryans were still in Punjab. 5-  Books second(2nd) to seventh (7th) are earliest and are also called as family books. They are attributed to Gritsamada, Visvamitra, Vasudeava, Atr
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THE VEDIC LITERATURE (1500 - 600 B.C.)

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1-  The word of Veda is derived from the Sanskrit word ' Vidi ' meaning to know or knoweledge par excelence. 2-  Vedic texts are divided between Shruti (based on hearing), which is distinct from Smriti (based on memory). 3-   Four Vedas and their Samhitas   , the Brahmanas, the Upanishads form a class of literature known as Shruti. 4-  The Brahmans explain the hymns of the Vedas. They are written in prose and ritualistic in nature. Brahma mean ' sacrifice' .  The various sacrifices and rituals have been elaborately discussed in the Brahamanas. Every Veda has several Brahamanas attached to it - a)  Rig Veda - Aitareya and kaushitikij Sankhyan. b)  Sam Veda - Panchvisha (Tandya Maha Brahamana), Shadvinsh, Chliandogya and Jaiminaya. c)  Yajur Veda - Shatapatha (the oldest adn the largest Brahamana) and Taittariya. d)  Atharva Veda - Gopatha. 5-  The word  Aranya means " the forest ". The ' forest texts ' were called
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